GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Çalýþmamýzýn amacý, jinekoloji onkoloji polikliniðine baþvuran Suriyeli kadýnlarda HPV oranýný saptamak, servikal patolojileri tespit etmektir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Jinekoloji Onkoloji Polikliniði’ne Ocak 2014 ile Eylül 2018 tarihleri arasýnda baþvuran 659 Suriyeli göçmen hasta çalýþmaya dahil edildi. Gebe olanlar, histerektomi operasyonu geçirenler, HPV aþý öyküsü olanlar çalýþma dýþý býrakýldý. Hastalarýn demografik verileri [yaþ, sosyoekonomik düzey, eðitim durumu, sigara alýþkanlýðý, parite, ilk iliþki yaþý, vücut kitle indeksi (BMI)] ve klinik bilgileri (servikal smear, HPV genotip ve servikal biyopsi sonuçlarý) deðerlendirildi. Verilerin istatistiksel analizleri yapýldý. Ýstatistiki anlamlýlýk düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul edildi.
BULGULAR: Çalýþma süresi boyunca, kliniðimize çalýþma kritelerimizi saðlayan toplam 659 Suriyeli kadýn hasta baþvurdu. Çalýþmaya alýnan Suriyeli göçmen hastalarýn yaþ ortalamalarý 25,13±4,20, %23,60’sýnýn 18 yaþ öncesi evlendikleri, %73,50’si lise ve üzeri öðrenim düzeyinde olduðu tespit edildi. Suriyeli göçmen kadýnlarýn (35/659) %5,30’unde HPV DNA pozitifliðine rastlandý. Çalýþmamýzda HPV 16 (8/35) %22,80; HPV 18 (6/35) %17,60; diðer yüksek riskli HPV tipleri %59,60 oranýnda görüldü. Hastalarýn (643/659) %97,60’ýnde smear sonucu normal; (9/659) %1,40’ýnda ASCUS; (2/659) %0,30’unda ASCH; (4/659) %0,60’ýnda LSIL; (1/659) %0,10’unda HSIL mevcuttu.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Suriyeli hastalarda bulunan HPV oranlarý ülkemizdeki kadýnlara benzer orandaydý ve en sýk bulunan tipler HPV 16 ve 18 dýþýndaki tiplerdi. Ülkemizde, Suriyeli göçmen kadýnlarýn daha uzun sürede kalacaklarý düþünüldüðünde zaten büyük sýkýntýlar çeken bu hastalara daha etkin servikal kanser tarama programlarý yapýlmasý ve aþýlama hakkýndaki bilgi eksikliklerini giderilmesi gerekmektedir.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the rate of HPV and cervical pathologies in Syrian women admitted to the gynecology-oncology outpatient clinic.
METHODS: 659 Syrian refugee patients admitted to the gynecology oncology outpatient clinic between January 2014 and September 2018 were included in the study. Pregnant women, women who underwent a hysterectomy, and those with a history of HPV vaccine were excluded from the study. Demographic data [age, socioeconomic status, educational status, smoking habits, parity, age of first intercourse, body mass index (BMI)] and clinical information (cervical smear, HPV genotype and cervical biopsy results) of the patients were evaluated. The statistical significance level was accepted as p <0.05.
RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 659 Syrian women who meet our study criteria admitted to our clinic. The mean age of Syrian patients included in the study was 25.13 ± 4.20 years, 23.60 % were married before the age of 18, and the educational status of 73.50% of patients were at high school and above. HPV DNA positivity was found in 5.30% (35/659) of the Syrian refugee women. In our study, HPV 16 was found in 22.80% (8/35); HPV 18 was positive in 17.60% (6/35); and other high-risk types were seen in 59.60% of patients. 97.60% of the patients (643/659) had normal smear results, while 1.40% (9/659) had ASCUS; 0.30% (2/659) had ASCH; 0.60% (4/659) had LSIL; and HSIL was present in 0.10% (1/659) of patients.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The rate of HPV in Syrian patients was similar to women in our country, and the most common (except HPV 16 and 18) are other types of high-risk HPV. Considering that the Syrian citizens will stay in our country for a longer period of time, more effective cervical cancer screening programs should be applied to the Syrian women who have already suffered from great difficulties and the information deficiencies about vaccination must be eliminated.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Çalýþmanýn amacý Alfa kuþaðý çocuklarda dijital teknoloji ekran maruziyeti süresi ile uyku süresi arasýndaki iliþkiyi incelemektir. Hipotezimiz, daha fazla ekran maruziyeti süresi ve yatak odasýnda dijital teknoloji bulunduran çocuklarda, uyku süresinin olumsuz etkileneceðidir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalýþmaya 1-96 ay yaþ arasýnda çocuðu olan toplam 128 ebeveyn dahil edildi. Araþtýrmacýlar tarafýndan hazýrlanan ve demografik bilgiler, teknolojik cihaz kullanýmý, yatak odasýnda teknolojik cihaz varlýðý ve uyku ile ilgili davranýþlarý sorgulayan yarý yapýlandýrýlmýþ deðerlendirme formu kullanýldý.
BULGULAR: Çocuklarýn yatak odasýnda bulunan teknolojik cihazlarýn daðýlýmýnýn sýrasýyla; %46 televizyon, %28,5 cep telefonu, %11,2 bilgisayar ve %14,3 tablet olduðu görüldü. 25-48 ay yaþýndaki çocuklarýnda teknolojik cihaz kullanýmýnýn veya maruziyetinin en yüksek (157,3 dakika) olduðu bulundu. Çocuklarýn ekran kullanýmý/maruziyeti süresi ile uyku süresi arasýndaki iliþkiyi incelediðimizde toplam ekran süresi ile toplam uyku süresi arasýnda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý iliþki olduðu saptandý (p=0,0001). Yatmadan önce ekran süresi ile uykuya dalýþ süresi ve toplam uyku süresi arasýnda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý bir iliþki bulunmadý.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Çocuklarýn yatak odasýnda en sýk bulunan teknolojik cihazýn televizyon olduðu ve uyku süresinin en az olduðu grubun 25-48 ay arasý çocuklar olduðu ve uyumadan önce en fazla teknolojik cihaz etkisi altýnda kalan çocuklarýn 1-48 ay arasý çocuklar olduðu görüldü. Çocuklarda ekran maruziyet süresindeki artýþýn uyku sürelerinde azalmayla iliþkili olduðu, fakat yatak odasýnda teknolojik cihaz bulundurmayla uyku süresinin etkilenmediði görüldü.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to investigate the relationship between digital technology screen exposure time and sleep duration in Alpha generation children. We hypothesize that children with longer screen exposure time and digital technology in the bedroom will have a negative impact on sleep duration.
METHODS: A total of 128 parents with children between the ages of 1-96 months were included in the study. A semi-structured evaluation form was used by the researchers to investigate demographic information, the use of technological devices, the presence of technological devices in the bedroom and sleep-related behaviors.
RESULTS: The distribution of technological devices in the children's bedroom was as follows; 46% television, 28.5% mobile phone, 11.2% computer and 14.3% tablets. It was found that the use or exposure of technological devices was highest (157.3 minutes) in children aged 25-48 months. When we examined the relationship between the duration of screen use /exposure of children and sleep time, it was found that there was a statistically significant relationship between total screen time and total sleep time (p=0.0001). There was no statistically significant relationship between screen time before bedtime, sleep onset time and total sleep time.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was seen that the most common technological device in children's bedroom was television and the group with the least sleep time was between 25-48 months and the children who were under the influence of the most technological devices before sleeping were children aged 1-48 months. It was observed that the increases in screen time in children was associated with a decrease in sleep duration but did not affect sleep time by having a technological device in the bedroom.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Meme kanseri, kadýnlarda en sýk görülen kanser türüdür ve kansere baðlý ölümlerin %15’ini oluþturur. Meme kanser geliþiminin en güçlü risk faktörlerinden biri meme yoðunluðunun fazla olmasýnýn yaný sýra yaþ, doðum, emzirme, hormon replasman tedavisi gibi faktörler de kanser geliþimini etkilemektedir. Bu çalýþmada meme kanseri tanýsý almýþ kadýnlarda sosyodemografik veriler, meme yoðunluðu, menopoz varlýðý, hematolojik ve histopatolojik bulgularýn deðerlendirilmesi amaçlanmýþtýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Meme Ünitesi birimine yönlendirilen ve mamografi tetkiki yapýlan hastalardan, tetkik sonrasýnda kanser þüphesi nedeniyle tru-cut biyopsisi yapýlan ve kanser tanýsý alan 154 hastanýn tetkik, ameliyat ve histopatolojik sonuçlarý retrospektif olarak incelendi. 140 hasta çalýþmaya dahil edildi. Hastalarýn yaþý, eðitim ve medeni durumu, ilk adet yaþý, ilk gebelik yaþý, gebelik sayýsý, ilk doðum yaþý, hormon replasman tedavisi görüp görmediði ve mamografi raporlarýndan da BI-RADS sýnýflama sonucu ile meme yoðunluðu kaydedildi. Histopatoloji raporundan tümör çapý, derecesi, lenf nodu metastaz varlýðý ve lenfovasküler invazyon olup olmadýðý elde edildikten sonra TNM (tümör-lenf nodu-metastaz) sýnýflamasýna göre gruplara ayrýldý. Hastalarýn kan sayýmý deðerlerinden nötrofil lökosit/lenfosit oraný ve trombosit/lenfosit oranlarý hesaplandý.
BULGULAR: Meme kanseri tanýsý alan 140 hastanýn 32’si premenopozal, 108’i postmenopozal idi. Premenopozal hastalarýn vücut kitle indeksi (VKÝ) ortalamasý 26,53±3,05 kg/m2 iken, postmenopozal hastalarýn VKÝ’nin 29,63±5,60 kg/m2 olduðu ve bu hastalarýn VKÝ’sinin premenopozal hastalarýnkinden istatistiksel olarak anlamlý þekilde yüksek olduðu görüldü (p<0,001). Meme kanserli hastalarýn yaþ ile vücut kitle indeksi artarken mamografide meme yoðunluðunun azaldýðý saptandý (p<0,001, p=0,013 sýrasýyla). Ýlk gebelik ve ilk doðum yaþýnýn ileri olduðu hastalarda mamografik meme yoðunluðunun arttýðý tespit edildi (p<0,001). Postmenopozal hastalarýn mamografi raporlamasýnda BI-RADS 5 ve 6 premenopozal hastalardan daha sýklýkla rapor edildi (p=0,03). Hematolojik parametrelerden premenopozal hastalarýn kan sayýmýndaki trombosit sayýsý ortalamasý 257,38±65,70 (bin) iken postmenopozal hastalarýn trombosit sayýsý ortalamasý 293,31±75,02 (bin) olarak saptandý. Trombosit sayýsý/lenfosit sayýsý oranýnýn ortalamasý premenopozal hastalarda 131,31±33,76 iken postmenopozal hastalarda bu oranýn ortalamasýnýn 161,11±59,26 olduðu görüldü. Postmenopozal hastalarýn trombosit sayýsý ve trombosit/lenfosit oraný istatistiksel olarak anlamlý þekilde daha yüksekti (sýrasýyla p=0,011 ve p<0,001). Nötrofil ve lenfosit sayýsýnda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý fark saptanmadý.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Sonuç olarak, bu çalýþma meme yoðunluðu fazla olan postmenopozal hastalarda trombosit/lenfosit oraný yüksek ise aile hekimleri ve klinisyenler açýsýndan bu durumun kötü bir prognostik faktör olarak deðerlendirilmesi gerektiðini göstermektedir. Hastalar deðerlendirilirken meme yoðunluðu, menopoz varlýðý ve sosyo-demografik veriler de ayrýca göz önünde bulundurulmalýdýr.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and accounts for 15% of cancer-related deaths. One of the strongest risk factors of breast cancer development, as well as high breast density, factors such as age, birth, breastfeeding, hormone replacement therapy also affect cancer development. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effects of sociodemographic data, breast density, presence of menopause, hematological and histopathological findings in women diagnosed with breast cancer.
METHODS: The examination, surgery and histopathological results of 154 patients who were referred to the Breast Unit and underwent mammography examination and tru-cut biopsy after the examination and diagnosed with cancer were analyzed retrospectively. According to the mammography findings, who underwent tru-cut biopsy due to suspected cancer and subsequently diagnosed as cancer, 154 patients’ examination, surgery and histopathological results were retrospectively reviewed. 140 patients were included in the study. Breast intensity was recorded from the patients' age, education and marital status, first menstrual age, first gestational age, number of pregnancies, age of first delivery, hormone replacement therapy, and BI-RADS classification results from mammography reports. After obtaining tumor diameter, grade, lymph node metastasis and whether there was lymphovascular invasion from the histopathology report, it was divided into groups according to TNM (tumor- lymph node- metastasis) classification. Neutrophil leukocyte/lymphocyte and platelet/lymphocyte ratios were calculated from the blood count values of the patients.
RESULTS: Of the 140 patients diagnosed with breast cancer, 32 were premenopausal and 108 were postmenopausal. While the mean body mass index (BMI) of premenopausal patients was 26.53 ± 3.05 kg / m2, the BMI of postmenopausal patients was 29.63 ± 5.60 kg / m2 and their BMI was statistically significantly higher than that of premenopausal patients. (p <0.001). It was found that mammographic breast density decreased while the age and body mass index of breast cancer patients increased (p <0.001, p = 0.013 respectively). It was observed that mammographic breast density increased in patients with high gestational age and first birth age (p<0.001). In mammography reporting of postmenopausal patients, BI-RADS was reported more frequently than 5 and 6 premenopausal patients (p=0.03). In mammography reporting of postmenopausal patients, BI-RADS 5 and 6 were reported more frequently than premenopausal patients (p=0.03). The mean platelet count of premenopausal patients, which is one of the hematological parameters, was 257.38 ± 65.70 (thousand), while that of postmenopausal patients was 293.31 ± 75.02 (thousand). The mean platelet / lymphocyte ratio was 131.31 ± 33.76 in premenopausal patients, while it was 161.11 ± 59.26 in post-menopausal patients. Platelet count and platelet / lymphocyte ratio were statistically significantly higher in postmenopausal patients (p=0.011 and p<0.001, respectively). No statistically significant difference was found in neutrophil and lymphocyte count.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study shows that if the platelet / lymphocyte ratio is high in postmenopausal patients with high breast density, this should be considered as a bad prognostic factor for family physicians and clinicians. During the evaluation of patients, breast density, presence of menopause and social-demographic data should also be taken into consideration.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Saðlýk çalýþanlarý mesleksel maruziyetleri nedeniyle kesici delici alet yaralanmalarý açýsýndan önemli bir risk grubundadýr. Bu çalýþmada Bolu Abant Ýzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eðitim ve Araþtýrma Hastanesi’nde son 5 yýl içerisinde görülen kesici delici alet yaralanmalarýnýn deðerlendirilmesi amaçlanmýþtýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: 2014-2019 yýllarý arasýnda Bolu Abant Ýzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eðitim ve Araþtýrma Hastanesi’nde meydana gelen 58 delici kesici alet yaralanmasý retrospektif olarak deðerlendirilmiþtir.
BULGULAR: : Çalýþmaya katýlan 58 katýlýmcýdan 42'si (%72,4) kadýn 16'sý (%27,6) erkektir. Katýlýmcýlarýn mesleklerine bakýldýðýnda en sýk yaralanmanýn %65,5 olarak hemþirelerde olduðu tespit edilmiþtir. Yaralanmalarýn %84,5'i iðne batmasý þeklinde gerçekleþmiþ, yaralanan vücut bölgesi %53,4 ile sað el %46,6 ile sol el olarak belirlenmiþtir. Kesici delici alet yaralanmasý yaþayan katýlýmcýlarýn %93,1'inde koruyucu ekipman bulundurmaktadýr. Yýllara göre daðýlýmýnda 2018 ve 2019 yýllarýnda bildirimlerin en fazla olduðu; kesici delici alet yaralanmasý ile karþýlaþan personelin %53,4 ünün mesleki deneyiminin 0-1 yýl olduðu saptanmýþtýr. Kesici delici aletle yaralanma sonrasý doðru hareket sergilemenin kadýn cinsiyette ve artan eðitim düzeyiyle istatistiksel olarak anlamlý bulunmuþtur.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Çalýþmamýzda en sýk yaralanmanýn hemþirelerde ve iðne batmasý þeklinde olduðu bulgumuz literatürle uyumludur. Kesici ve delici alet yaralanmalarýný önlemenin ilk yolu konu hakkýndaki bildirimlerin iyi takibi ve etkin çalýþan güvenliði politikalarýnýn geliþtirilmesidir. Ayrýca üniversal önlemlerin alýnmasý, eðitimlerin düzenli aralýklarla verilmesi, personel iþ yükünün azaltýlmasý, güvenli ve kullanýþlý malzeme temini, yaralanmalarý önleyecek öneriler olabilir.

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare staff are under the risk of needle stick and sharp object injuries due to their occupational exposure. In this study, it has been aimed to evaluate needle stick and sharp object injuries that occurred in the last 5 years in Abant Izzet Baysal University Training and Research Hospital.
METHODS: 58 needle stick and sharp object injuries occurred in Abant Izzet Baysal University Training and Research hospital between 2014 and 2019, were evaluated.
RESULTS: : 42 (%72.4) of 58 cases were women and 16 (%27.6) of them were men. According to their profession, most of them were nurses with a percentage of 65.5. %84.5 of the cases were needle stick injury and most injured body parts were right hand with %53.4 and left hand with %46.6. It was revealed that %93.1 of exposed workers had protective equipment during the injuries. When the distribution of the injuries was classified by years, it was found most injuries were in 2018 and 2019. It was determined that %53.4 of exposed workers had 0 or 1 year of occupational experience. Compared to the others, women and educated workers were found to have a correct approach after the injuries with a statistically significant difference.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In our study, consistent with the literature, most of the exposed workers were nurses and incidents were needle stick injuries by a majority. The initial conditions for the prevention of needle stick and sharp object injuries are proper follow-up of notifications concerning this issue and providing an effective employee safety policy. Having universal precautions, organizing educations at regular intervals, reducing the workload of healthcare staff and providing safe and practical equipment maybe the other conditions to prevent these injuries.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý acil servise karbon monoksit zehirlenmesi nedeniyle baþvuran hastalarda oksidatif stres markerlarýndan olan thiol/disülfit homeostazis parametreleri ile Nötrofil-Lenfosit (NLO) beraber kullanýmýnýn taný açýsýndan yararlý olup olmadýðýný araþtýrmaktýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalýþma 01.01.2014 ile 01.03.2015 tarihleri arasýnda acil servise baþvuran ve çalýþmaya alýnan 45 hasta ve kontrol grubu olarak belirlenen 40 saðlýklý kiþi ile prospektif olarak yapýldý. Erel ve Neþelioðlu tarafýndan yeni geliþtirilen bir metot ile oksidatif stres markerý olan thiol/disülfit homeostazis parametreleri (Thiol, disülfit, disülfit/native thiol, disülfit/total thiol, native thiol/total thiol) ile NLO hasta ve kontrol grubunda çalýþýldý.
BULGULAR: Karbonmonoksit zehirlenmesi olanlarda kontrol grubuna göre, NT, TT, index 3 ve NLO oranlarýnda anlamlý farklýlýk tespit edildi. NT, TT ve index 3 hasta grubunda daha düþük, NLO ortalama deðerleri daha yüksek bulundu (sýrasýyla p =0,005; < 0,001; < 0,032 ve < 0,001).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: NLO ile thiol/disülfit homeostasis parametrelerinin karbonmonoksit zehirlenmesi tanýsýnda beraber kullanýlmasý bu hastalarda tanýnýn konulmasý açýsýndan faydalýdýr.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to search if using thiol/disulphide homeostasis together with Neutrophile Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) which are oxidative stress markers in patients who apply to the emergency service with carbon monoxide intoxication is useful regarding diagnosis or not.
METHODS: The study was performed prospectively with 45 patients who applied to the emergency service between 01.01.2014 - 01.03.2015 and who were included in the study and 40 healthy persons who were determined as control group. Thiol/disulphide homeostasis parameters (Thiol, disulphide, disulphide / native thiol, disulphide / total thiol, native thiol / total thiol) and NLR which are oxidative stress markers were studied in the patient and control groups by a method which was developed newly by Erel and Neþelioðlu.
RESULTS: In persons with carbon monoxide intoxication, a significant difference was detected in NT, TT, index 3 and NLR rates according to the control group. NT, TT and index 3 were found lower in the patient group, and NLR mean values were found higher in the patient group (p =0.005, < 0.001, = 0.032, < 0.001 respectively).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: To use NLR together with thiol/disulphide homeostasis parameters in the diagnosis of carbon monoxide intoxication is useful regarding diagnosing in these patients.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Öðretilebilir zihinsel engelli kýz ergenlere verilen menstruasyon hijyen eðitiminin etkinliðinin deðerlendirmektir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalýþma pre-post test yarý deneysel çalýþma olarak yürütüldü. Araþtýrma Ankara il merkezinde bir Özel Eðitim Ýþ Uygulama Merkezinde (Okulu) bulunan öðretilebilir zihinsel engelli ergen (ÖZEE) kýz öðrencilerle yapýldý. Çalýþma 25 ÖZEE ile tamamlandý. Verileri “tanýtýcý bilgi formu” ve “menstruasyon beceri deðerlendirme formu” aracýlýðýyla toplandý. Araþtýrmacýlar tarafýndan katýlýmcýlara hijyenik ped deðiþtirme becerisi kazandýrmak için eðitim verildi. Eðitim öncesi ve sonrasý kýz öðrencilerin ped deðiþtirme becerileri izlendi. Ýzlemler eðitimden bir ay sonra ve altý ay sonra yapýldý. Veriler bilgisayar ortamýnda deðerlendirildi.
BULGULAR: Çalýþma kapsamýndaki ÖZEE yaþ ortalamalarýnýn 16,56±1,00 (14-18), hepsinin adet gördüðü (25 kiþi), adet olma durumlarýnýn normal döngüde olduðu belirlendi. Eðitim öncesi ped deðiþtirme becerisi ortanca puaný 16,00 (Min: 0- Maks: 36), eðitim sonrasý birinci izlemde 36,00 (Min: 22- Maks: 36), ikinci izlemde 36,00 (Min: 24- Maks: 36) olup fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlý bulundu (p<0,001).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: ÖZEE’lere hemþireler tarafýndan video ve oyuncak bebek kullanýlarak verilen eðitimin, zihinsel engelli adölesanlarýn ped deðiþtirme becerilerini kazandýrmada etkili bir yöntem olduðunu ortaya koymuþtur.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of menstruation hygiene training given to trainable intellectual disability adolescent girls.
METHODS: The study was conducted as a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study. It was carried out with educable intellectual disability adolescent girls attending a Special Education and Application Center (School) located in the central county of Ankara province. The study was completed with 25 participants. Data were collected through a “personal information form” and “menstrual skills assessment form”. The researchers given education to participants to gain sanitary pad replacement skills. The menstrual pad replacement skills of them were followed before and after the training. The follow-ups were extended to the first and the sixth month after the training. Data were evaluated by computer.
RESULTS: The mean age of the participants in the study was 16.56 ± 1.00 (14-18). All of them had already got periods. Their menstrual process was found to be in the normal cycle. The median score for pre-interventional pad replacement skill was 16.00 (minimum: 0- maximum: 36). The post-interventional score for the first follow-up was 36.00 (minimum: 22- maximum: 36), it was 36.00 (minimum: 24- maximum: 36) in the second follow-up, and the difference was found strong evidence in support of the alternative hypothesis (p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was revealed that the training given trainable intellectual disability adolescent girls by nurses by using video and dolls was an effective method for having intellectual disability adolescents gain pad replacement skills.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Çocuk iþçiliði çocuk haklarý boyutuyla disiplinler arasý çalýþýlmasý gereken bir konudur. Sivil toplum örgütlerinin Çocuk haklarý konusunda eðitimi, çocuk iþçiliðindeki çocuklarýn hak kaybý ya da haklarýn korunmasý yönünde sivil toplum liderlerine önemli sorumluluk vermektedir. Araþtýrma sivil toplum örgütü liderlerinin çocuk haklarý konusunda bilgi düzeyinin eðitim ile deðiþimini deðerlendirmek amacýyla yapýlmýþtýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Araþtýrmanýn tipi deneyseldir. Araþtýrma 2018 yýlý Mart- Haziran aylarý arasýnda 4 ayda, pilot olarak seçilen 4 ilde (Adana, Mersin, Ordu, Manisa) yapýlmýþ, araþtýrmaya 123 kiþi katýlmýþtýr. Bu araþtýrma, Türkiye Esnaf Sanatkarlar Konfederasyonu (TESK) ve Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi iþbirliði ile UNICEF projesi kapsamýnda desteklenmiþtir. Araþtýrma için liderlere, çocuk haklarý ve çocuk iþçiliði konusunda 4 saatlik bir eðitim verilmiþtir. Bu eðitim öncesi ve sonrasýnda liderlere çocuk iþçiliði anket formu ve çocuk haklarý tutum Ölçeði uygulanmýþtýr. Araþtýrma izni MKÜ Etik kurulundan alýnmýþtýr. Veriler SPSS 22 de analiz edilmiþ, daðýlým yönünden Kolmogorov-Smirnow testi ile incelenmiþ sonrasýnda ise gruplar arasý Mann-Whitney U testi / Kruskal Wallis testi kullanýlmýþtýr. Eðitim öncesi ve sonrasý için ise Wilcoxon testi ile deðerlendirilmiþ olup, p>0.05 anlamlý kabul edilmiþtir.
BULGULAR: Araþtýrma sonuçlarýna göre sivil toplum liderlerinin çocuk haklarý ölçeði puan ortalamasý eðitim öncesi ön-test 97.52±10.95, eðitim sonrasý son-test 99.02±10.71 olarak bulunmuþtur. Çocuk haklarýna yönelik eðitim öncesi ve sonrasý deðerler istatiksel olarak anlamlýdýr (p=0.01). Eðitimin, liderlerin cinsiyeti (E/K), iþ pozisyonu (Baþkan/Çalýþan), iþ yýlý tecrübesi (0-11 yýl), yaþ deðiþkenlerine göre etkisi istatiksel olarak anlamlý deðildir (p>0.05). Fakat eðitim, liderlerin eðitim durumu ve çalýþmanýn yapýldýðý illere göre istatiksel olarak anlamlý bulunmuþtur (p<0.05).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Çocuk haklarý bilgi düzeyi, sivil toplum örgütleri liderlerinin eðitim ile yükseltilebilir. Eðitimler pilot çalýþmalara göre, bölgesel sonuçlar dikkate alýnarak artýrýlmalýdýr.

INTRODUCTION: Child labour is an interdisciplinary issue including the child rights dimension. Child rights training for non-governmental organizations in the means of forfeiture and keeping the rights of children gives crucial responsibility to NGO leaders. The research is done to assess the change of child rights knowledge level of NGO leaders via training.
METHODS: The research is experimental and it is accomplished in 4 pilot cities (Adana, Mersin, Ordu, Manisa) in four months between March and June 2018 and 123 persons took part in it. The study is supported by a UNICEF project cooperation with The Confederation of Turkish Tradesmen and Craftsmen (CTTC) and Hatay Mustafa Kemal University (HMKU). In the frame of the research, the leaders are given a four hours of training on child rights and child labour. Child labour survey form and child rights attitude scale is applied to the leaders before and after the training. The permission for the research is got from HMKU Ethics Committee. Gathered data is analyzed by SPSS 22, examined by Kolmogorov-Smirnow test in the means of distribution and then inter-groups Mann-Whitney U test / Kruskal Wallis test is used. Wilcoxon test is used before and after the training and p>0.05 is accepted as meaningful.
RESULTS: As a result of the research findings, child rights scale points average of NGO leaders are 97.52±10.95 before training for preliminary test; and 99.02±10.71 after training for posttest. Acquired values gathered before and after child rights training are statistically meaningful (p=0.01). The effect of training compared to the gender of leaders (M/F), working position (President/Worker), working experience (0-11 years), age variables is not statistically meaningful (p>0.05). On the other hand, education level of leaders is statistically meaningful depending on the cities that the research accomplished.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Child rights knowledge level could be increased via the training of NGO leaders. The trainings should be increased considering the regional results depending on the pilot studies.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý Primipar Emzirme Motivasyon Ölçeði (PEMÖ)'nin geçerlik ve güvenirliðini Türk kültürü içinde incelemektir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu araþtýrma Aralýk 2017 ve Aralýk 2018 tarihleri arasýnda Ýstanbul ili Ümraniye Eðitim ve Araþtýrma Hastanesine baþvuran ve doðum sonu 6. ayýnda olan primipar 400 kadýn ile yapýlan metodolojik bir çalýþmadýr. Çalýþma verileri, “Veri Toplama Formu” ve “Primipar Emzirme Motivasyon Ölçeði” nin Türkçe versiyonu kullanýlarak elde edildi. PEMÖ ölçümleri geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri yapýlarak test edilmiþtir. Verilerin geçerlik analizi; kapsam geçerlik indeksi, açýmlayýcý faktör analizi, doðrulayýcý faktör analiziyle, güvenirlik analizi; pearson momentler çarpýmý korelasyonu ve Cronbach Alfa güvenirlik katsayýsý ile yapýldý. Verilerin deðerlendirilmesinde sayý/yüzde, baðýmlý ve baðýmsýz gruplarda t testi, korelasyon analizi, Cronbach α analizi, açýklayýcý ve doðrulayýcý faktör analizi kullanýldý. Dört alt boyutu olan ölçekte puanlar arttýkça motivasyonun arttýðý anlaþýlmaktadýr.
BULGULAR: PEMÖ, primiparlarda doðum sonu emzirme motivasyon düzeyini deðerlendirmek için geliþtirilmiþ 37 maddelik bir ölçektir. Ölçeðin zamana göre deðiþmezliðini deðerlendirmek için iki hafta aralýklarla test-tekrar test ölçüm yapýldý. Bunun sonucunda puan ortalamalarý arasýnda fark bulunmamýþtýr (p=0,435). Ölçeðinin güvenirliðini belirlemek için yapýlmýþ olan iç tutarlýlýðý analizinde güvenirlik katsayýsý emzirmeye verilen deðer boyutu için α=0,884, öz-etkililik boyutu için α= 0,825, ebe desteði boyutu için α= 0,686, baþarý beklentisi boyutu için α=0,873 olarak bulunmuþtur.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: PEMÖ, Türkçe versiyonunun annelerin emzirme motivasyonunu belirlemede geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olduðu belirlenmiþtir.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study is to examine the validity and reliability of the Primipara Breastfeeding Motivation Scale (PBMS).
METHODS: This is a methodological study conducted with 400 primiparous women who have applied to the Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital in the Istanbul Province between December 2017 and December 2018, and who are in their postnatal 6th month. The study data were obtained using the Turkish language version of the “Data Collection Form” and the “Primipar Breastfeeding Motivation Scale”. The PBMS measurements were tested by conducting validity and reliability analyses. The validity analysis for the data was conducted using the content validity index, the exploratory factor analysis, the confirmatory factor analysis, the reliability analysis, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and the Cronbach’s Alfa reliability coefficient. In evaluating the data, number/percentage, t test on dependent and independent groups, correlation analysis, Cronbach’s α analysis, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used. It was understood that motivation increased parallel to an increase in points on a scale with four sub-dimensions.
RESULTS: PBMS is a 37-item scale developed to evaluate the postnatal breastfeeding motivation in primipara. A test-retest measurement was conducted at fortnightly intervals in order to evaluate the constancy of the scale in time. As a result, no difference was found between point averages (p=0.435). In the internal consistency analysis conducted to determine the scale’s reliability, the reliability coefficient was found as α=0.884 for the value ascribed to breastfeeding dimension, α= 0.825 for the self-effectiveness dimension, α= 0.686 for the midwife support dimension, and α=0.873 for the expectation of success dimension.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was found that the Turkish language version of PBMS is a valid and reliable tool in identifying the breastfeeding motivation of mothers.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Týp fakültesinde okuyan öðrencilerin yoðun týp eðitimi ve diðer kiþisel faktörler nedeniyle depresif, kaygýlý ve stresli olduðu gözlenmektedir. Bu çalýþmada Kýrþehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Týp Fakültesi öðrencilerinin 1.Kurul Sýnavý öncesi ve sonrasýnda depresyon, anksiyete ve stres prevalanslarý ve bu düzeylere etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmýþtýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Ekim 2018 - Kasým 2018 tarihleri arasýnda 1.Kurul Sýnavý öncesi ve sonrasýnda gerçekleþtirilen bu çalýþmada 42 soruluk Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stres ölçeði ve akademi, saðlýk ve sosyoekonomik bilgileri içeren sorularýn bulunduðu Genel Bilgi Formu kullanýlmýþtýr.
BULGULAR: Totalde, sýnav öncesi depresyon, anksiyete ve stres prevalanslarý sýrasýyla %34,04, %48,94, %32,62; sýnav sorasý ise %43,71, %49,67 ve %37,09’dur. Ýstatistiksel olarak anlamlý olmasa da sýnav öncesinde ve sonrasýnda en yüksek depresyon (p=0,228 and p=0,512), anksiyete (p=0,428 and p=0,083) ve stres puanlarý (p=0,125 and p=0,853) Dönem 2 öðrencilerine aittir. Genel olarak, puanlara göre erkek öðrenciler, kýz öðrencilere göre daha depresif (p=0,044 and p=0,018), kaygýlý (p=0,392 and p=0,209) ve stresli (p=0,736 and p=0,977) bulunmuþtur. Hem sýnav öncesi, hem de sýnav sonrasý depresyon, anksiyete ve stres düzeyleri saðlýkla ilgili risk faktörleri ile iliþkili bulunmuþ, sosyoekonomik risk faktörlerinin ise çoðunlukla stres düzeyleri ile iliþkili olduðu saptanmýþtýr.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Sýnav öncesi ve sýnav sonrasý kaygý prevalansý yüksek bulunmuþtur. Sýnav sonrasý depresyon, anksiyete ve stres prevalanslarýnýn arttýðý belirlenmiþ, bu nedenle týp eðitimi alan öðrenciler için akademik ve sosyal destek sistemlerinin oluþturulmasý önerilmiþtir.

INTRODUCTION: Medical students are observed to feel depressive, anxious and stressful due to intensive medical education program along with other individual factors. This study aims at investigating the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress levels and their potential determinant among medical students on before and after the exam in newly-established Medical Faculty of Kirsehir Ahi Evran University in Turkey.
METHODS: This study was carried out on before and after the first Commitee Exam by conducting 42-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale with General Information Form that includes questions regarding health, academia and socieconomic-related factors between October and November 2018.
RESULTS: In total, prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress were found as 34.04%, 48.94%, 32.62% and 43.71%, 49.67% and 37.09% on pre and post-exam, respectively. Even though statistically unsignificant, Phase-II students had the highest depression (p=0.228 and p=0.512), anxiety (p=0.428 and p=0.083) and stress scores (p=0.125 and p=0.853) on both pre and post exam. Male students were more likely to feel depressed (p=0.044 and p=0.018), anxious (p=0.392 and p=0.209) and and stressed (p=0.736 and p=0.977) compared to females in overall in terms of their scores. Depression, anxiety and stress levels were mostly associated with health-related factors either pre or post-exam. Socieconomic determinant were found to be mostly associated with stress levels.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: High prevalence of anxiety was observed on both before and after the exam. Depression, anxiety and stress prevalences were found to be increasing on post-exam, therefore academic and social support systems are suggested to be provided for medical students.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Anne sütü ile beslenme, bebek beslenmesinin en ideal yoludur. Bu araþtýrma ile emzirme destek merkezimize ait mevcut verileri ve annelerin emzirme tutumlarýný irdelenmeyi amaçladýk. Bu çalýþmanýn emzirme desteðine katký saðlama yönünde ileri araþtýrmalara olanak saðlayacaðý inancýndayýz.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Prospektif tipte planlanan bu aaraþtýrmada emzirme destek merkezimize baþvuran, 50 anne ile bebekleri yer aldý. Araþtýrma verileri anne ve bebek için hazýrlanan veri toplama formu ile elde edildi. Toplanan veriler SPSS 18 paket programý kullanýlarak deðerlendirildi.
BULGULAR: Çalýþmaya dahil edilen annelerin yaþ ortalamasý 28 ± 6,23 olup, 16-40 yaþlarý arasýnda daðýlým göstermekteydi. Gebelik sayýlarý 3,71± 2,59 (min: 1- maks: 12) idi. Kadýnlarýn %32’sinin 4 ve üzeri sayýda yaþayan çocuðu vardý. Ortalama düþük sayýsý 1,90 (min: 1- maks: 8) idi. Normal yolla doðum oraný 1,86±1,05 olup sezaryen þeklinde doðum oranýndan (0,21 ± 1,05) yüksekti. Bebeklerin %60’ý erkek, %40’ý kýzdý. Ortalama bebek yaþý 2,83 ± 3,38 hafta (min: 0- maks: 16) hafta idi. Emzirilerek beslenen bebeklerin oraný %20 olup, %62’si ise anne sütüne ek olarak biberonla formül mama takviyesi almaktaydý. Hastanemizden taburculuk sonrasý çalýþmaya dahil edilen bebeklerin hastaneye yatýþ sebepleri; %42 alt solunum yollarý enfeksiyonu (%20 pnömoni, %22 bronþit), %24 erken doðum, %8 yenidoðan sarýlýðý, %8 üriner enfeksiyon, %2 anomali idi. Bebeklerin ortalama hastanede kalýþ süreleri 16,5 gündü. Annelerin %96’sýnýn sütü vardý. Test tartýsýnda bebeklerin emerek anneden saðdýklarý süt miktarý ortalama 20ml idi. Ayaktan baþvurularýn en sýk sebebi; annenin sütünün yetmediði endiþesiydi.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Anne sütü ile beslenmenin önemi bilinen bir gerçektir. Ek gýdalara ve emzirmenin dýþýndaki yöntemlere erken ve gereksiz baþlanmasýnýn önüne geçilmelidir. Yenidoðan bebeklerin hastanede yatýrýlarak tedavi edilmesi gibi sebeplerle annelerinden ayrý kalmasý, annenin emzirme davranýþýný olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Uzun ve zorlu bir süreç olan emzirme döneminde annelerin emzirme destek eðitimine ihtiyaç duyduðu gözlenmiþtir. Emzirmenin etkin þekilde baþlatýlmasý ve sürdürülmesi konusunda iyileþtirici düzenlemelere ihtiyaç vardýr.

INTRODUCTION: Feeding with breastmilk is the ideal way of baby feeding. In this study, we aimed to examine the available data of our breastfeeding support center and the mothers' breastfeeding attitudes. We believe that this study will allow further research to contribute to breastfeeding support.
METHODS: This prospective study included 50 mothers and their babies who applied to our breastfeeding support center. The research data were obtained by data collection form questions and were evaluated by using ‘statistical package for the social sciences’ (SPSS) 18 package program.
RESULTS: The mean age of the mothers included in the study was 28 ± 6,23 and ranged between the ages of 16-40. Pregnancy number of the mothers was 3.71 ± 2.59 (min: 1- max: 12). 32% of the women had 4 or more living children. The mean number of abortions was 1.90 (min: 1- max: 8). The rate of delivery by normal spontaneous vaginal way was 1.86 ± 1.05 and this is higher than cesarean delivery rate (0.21 ± 1.05). 60% of the babies were boys and 40% were girls. The mean infant age was 2.83 ± 3.38 (min: 0- max: 16) weeks. The rate of breastfed infants was 20%. 62% of the babies received bottle feeding supplements in addition to breast milk. When the reasons for hospitalization of infants were examined; low respiratory infection rate was 42% (20% pneumonia, 22% bronchitis), preterm delivery rate was 24%, neonatal jaundice rate was 8%, urinary tract infection rate was 8% and anomaly rate was 2%. The mean hospitalization time of the infants was 16.5 days. 96% of the mothers had milk. On the test weighing, the average amount of milk that the babies sucked from their mother was 20 ml. The most common reason for voluntary outpatient care is the mothers' concerns about milk adequacy.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The importance of breastfeeding is a well-known fact. Early and unnecessary starting of additional foods and methods other than breastfeeding should be avoided. The fact that newborn babies are separated from their mothers due to reasons such as hospitalization and treatment affects the breastfeeding behavior of the mother negatively. It was observed that mothers need breastfeeding support training during the long and difficult period of breastfeeding. There is a need for remedial arrangements for effective initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý toplum kökenli pnömoni nedeni ile (TGP) hastanede yatan olgularda komorbiditeleri deðerlendirmek ve literatür ýþýðýnda incelemektir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalýþmaya dahil edilen 142 hastanýn yaþ ortalamasý 59,68±20,35 (min 18-maks 95). Olgularýn 54’ü (%38) kadýn, 88’i (%62) erkekti. 80’inde (%56,30) eþlik eden komorbidite mevcuttu. En sýk komorbid durumlar sýrasýyla; kardiyovaskuler hastalýklar (%41,50), diabetes mellitus (%23,90) kronik akciðer hastalýklarýydý (%19). Bu çalýþmaya dahil edilen olgularýn 71’i (%50) 65 yaþ ve üzerindeydi. 65 yaþ üstü ve altý olgular komorbiditeler açýsýndan deðerlendirildi. ≥65 yaþ üstü olgularda beklenildiði gibi komorbiditelerin daha fazla olduðu görüldü (p=0,001). Özellikle kardiyovaskuler hastalýklar ve diabetes mellitus açýsýndan anlamlý farklýlýk saptandý (sýrasýyla; p=0,001, p=0,049). Yaþ ile komorbidite arasýnda pozitif korelasyon olduðu görüldü (sýrasýyla; p=0,001, r=0,512).
BULGULAR: Çalýþmaya dahil edilen 142 hastanýn yaþ ortalamasý 59,68±20,35 (min 18-max 95). Olgularýn 54’ü (%38) kadýn, 88’i (%62) erkekti. 80’inde (%56,30) eþlik eden komorbidite mevcuttu. En sýk komordid durumlar sýrasýyla; kardiyovaskuler hastalýklar (%41,50), diyabetes mellitus (%23,90) kronik akciðer hastalýklarýydý (%19). Bu çalýþmaya dahil edilen olgularýn 71’i (%50) 65 yaþ ve üzerindeydi. 65 yaþ üstü ve altý olgular komorbiditeler açýsýndan deðerlendirildi. ≥65 yaþ üstü olgularda beklenildiði gibi komorbiditelerin daha fazla olduðu görüldü (p=0,001). Özellikle kardiyovaskuler hastalýklar ve diyabetes mellitus açýsýndan anlamlý farklýlýk saptandý (sýrasýyla; p=0,001, p=0,049). Yaþ ile komobidite arasýnda pozitif korelasyon olduðu görüldü (sýrasýyla; p=0,001, r=0,512).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: TGP’de komorbiditeler hastalýðýn aðýrlýðýnýn belirlenmesi ve tedavi kararýnda oldukça önemlidir. Özellikle yaþlý nüfusun arttýðý günümüzde komorbid durumlar hastalarýn çoðunda eþlik etmektedir. Bu çalýþmada TGP nedeni ile yatýþ yapýlan olgularýn yarýsý 65 yaþ ve üzerinde olduðu görüldü. Bu olgularda koruyucu saðlýk hizmetleri, özellikle nörolojik hastalýðý olanlarda yutma fonksiyonun deðerlendirilmesi ve aþýlama önemlidir. Zamanýnda önlemlerin alýnmasý yaþlý nüfusun daha konforlu olarak yaþamýna olanak saðlayacaktýr ve saðlýk maliyetlerini azaltacaktýr. Ülkemizde geriatrik merkezlerin sayýsýnýn artýrýlmasý faydalý olacaktýr.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is the evaluation of comorbidities in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (TGP) and to investigate in the light of the literature.
METHODS: This retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Chest Diseases. 142 patients with TGP between 2017-2019 were enrolled in the study. The data were obtained from the medical records of the patients. Demographic features, comorbidities and clinical findings of the patients were recorded. In the subgroup analysis, patients aged 65 and over were separately evaluated and their comorbid status was examined.
RESULTS: The mean age of 142 patients were 59.68 ± 20.35 (min 18-max 95). There were 54 (38%) women and 88 (62%) men. Comorbidities were presented in 80 patients (56.30%). The most common comorbidities were cardiovascular diseases (41.50%), diabetes mellitus (23.90%) and chronic lung diseases (19%). Half of the patients with TGP were 65 years old or older. The patients were divided into two groups according to over 65 years and under. Comorbidities were compared in two groups. Comorbidities were found to be higher in patients over the age of 65 years as expected (p=0.001). There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus (p=0.001, p=0.049, respectively). There was a positive correlation between age and comorbidities (p=0.001, r=0.512, respectively).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Comorbidities in TGP are very important in determining the severity of the disease and treatment. Comorbidities are accompanied in most patients, especially in the increasing population of elderly patients. In this study, half of the patients hospitalized due to TGP consisted of patients aged 65 and over. In these patients should evaluate swallowing function especially in patients with neurological diseases. Also, primary health care and vaccination are important. Timely measures will ensure the elderly population to live more comfortably and reduce health costs. It will be beneficial to increase the number of geriatric centers in our country.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmanýn amacý 65 yaþ üstü kadýn ve erkek hastalarda polifarmasi prevalansýný belirlemek ve sosyodemografik özelliklerle iliþkisini araþtýrmaktýr.


YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu çalýþma Gemerek Devlet Hastanesi Aile hekimliði polikliniklerine baþvuran 65 yaþ ve üstü hastalarda yüz yüze anket uygulanarak 01.05.2019-01.08.2019 tarihleri arasýnda yapýlan kesitsel tanýmlayýcý bir araþtýrmadýr. Litaratür taramasý yapýldýktan sonra araþtýrmacýlar tarafýndan oluþturulan anket araþtýrmacýlar tarafýndan uygulanmýþtýr.

BULGULAR: Bu çalýþmada yaþ ortalamasý 71.20±6.60 (min: 65 max: 95) olan 358 katýmlýcý yer almaktadýr. Katýlýmlarýn %55,30’u (n: 198) kadýn, %44,70’i erkektir. Polifarmasi prevelansý %38,78 olarak bulunmuþtur. Kadýnlar arasýnda polifarmasi sýklýðý (%44,42) erkeklere göre (%31,89) istatistiksel olarak anlamlý olarak daha fazla bulunmuþtur (p=0,010). En az bir kronik hastalýðý olanlarda polifarmasi prevelansý (%53,64) kronik hastalýðý olmayanlara (%5,48) göre anlamlý olarak daha fazla bulunmuþtur (p<0,001). Kadýnlarýn % 9,09’u herhangi bir ilaç kullanmazken erkeklerin %24,37’si herhangi bir ilaç kullanmamaktaydý (p<0,001). Polifarmasi sýklýðý medeni durum, gelir düzeyi, eðitim seviyesi, yaþadýðý yer, alkol veya sigara kullanýmý gibi özelliklerden etkilenmemektedir.

TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Çalýþmamýzýn temel sonuçlarý polifarmasinin geriatrik nufusda yaygýn olduðu, kadýnlarda polifarmasinin daha fazla oranda görüldüðü ve en az bir kronik hastalýk varlýðýnýn polifarmasi üzerinde önemli bir risk faktörü olduðudur.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of polypharmacy in male and female patients over 65 years of age and to investigate its relationship with sociodemographic characteristics.
METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted between 1 May 2019 and 1 August 2019 through a face-to-face interview in patients aged 65 or above who applied to Gemerek State Hospital Family Medicine Clinics. The questionnaire prepared by the researchers following the literature review was applied by researchers.
RESULTS: Mean age of this study including 358 individuals (n=198 women (55.3%) and n=160 men (44.70%) was 71.20 ± 6.60 years (range: 65-95). The incidence of polypharmacy was 38.78%. The proportion of women (44.42%) with polypharmacy was higher than that of men (31.89%), it was statistically significant (p<0.001). Aut of 9.09% among women did not use any drugs, while 24.37% of men did not use any drugs (p<0.001). The frequency of polypharmacy is not affected by marital status, income level, education level, place of residence, alcohol or smoking.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The main findings of the present study are that the polypharmacy is widely seen among elderly, more comman among women than men and having atleast a cronic desease an important risf factor for polypharmacy.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu araþtýrma irritabl baðýrsak sendromu olan hastalarýn ilaç dýþý yöntemleri kullanma durumlarýnýn incelenmesi amacýyla yapýldý.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Tanýmlayýcý olarak yapýlan bu araþtýrmaya, Aðrý Devlet Hastanesi dahiliye polikliniðine Ocak-Haziran 2017 tarihleri arasýnda gelen 344 irritabl baðýrsak sendromu hastasý alýndý. Verilerin toplanmasýnda soru formu kullanýldý. Verilerin deðerlendirilmesinde standart sapma, ortalama, yüzde, minimum ve maksimum deðerleri kullanýldý.
BULGULAR: Araþtýrmaya katýlan hastalarýn %10,80’inin ilaç dýþý yöntemleri kullandýðý belirlendi. Ýlaç dýþý yöntem kullanan hastalarýn %70,24’ünün bitkisel yöntemleri kullandýðý tespit edildi. Bitkisel yöntem kullanan hastalarýn %18,91’inin karýþýk bitki, %16,21’inin papatya, %2,70’inin kayýsý, %5,40’ýnýn yeþil, %2,70’inin rezene ve %2,70’inin nane çayý içtiði, %10,81’inin kayýsý, %8,10’unun sebze ve meyve yediði, %2,70’inin keten tohumunu yoðurtla birlikte yediði saptandý. Hastalarýn %13,51’inin masaj, %10,80’inin egzersiz, %8,10’unun sýcak uygulama ve %5,40’ýnýn el iþi yaptýðý belirlendi. Hastalarýn %2,70’inin müzik dinlediði ve %2,70’inin bol su içtiði belirlendi. Hastalarýn %64,90’ýnýn ilaç dýþý yöntemle birlikte ilaçlarýný da kullandýðý tespit edildi.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Ýrritabl Baðýrsak Sendromu hastalarýnýn ilaç dýþý yöntemleri kullanma oranlarýnýn düþük olduðu, en çok bitkisel yöntemlerin kullanýldýðý ayrýca hastalarýn masaj, egzersiz, sýcak uygulama ve el iþi yaptýðý, müzik dinlediði ve bol su içtiði belirlendi. Ýlaç dýþý yöntem kullanan hastalarýn tamamý, kullandýklarý yöntemlerin þikayetleri üzerinde olumlu etki gösterdiðini belirttiler. ÝBS hastalarýnýn kullandýklarý ilaç dýþý yöntemlerin etkilerinin, yan etkilerinin ve muhtemel ilaç etkileþimlerinin araþtýrýlmasý önerilmektedir.

INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to examine the nonpharmacological method uses of patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
METHODS: 344 irritable bowel syndrome patients who referred to Aðrý State Hospital Internal Medicine outpatient clinic between January and June 2017 were included in this descriptive study. A questionnaire form was used in the collection of research data. Standard deviation, average, percentage, minimum and maximum values were used in the assessment of data.
RESULTS: It was found that 10.80% of the patients included in the study used nonpharmacological methods. It was determined that 70.24% of the patients using non-drug methods used herbal methods. It was found that of the patients who used herbal methods, 18,91% drank mixed herbal tea, 16,21% drank chamomile tea, 2,70% drank apricot tea, 5,40% drank green tea, 2,70% drank fennel tea and 2,70% drank mint tea; while 10,81% ate apricot, 8,10% ate vegetable and fruit and 2,70% ate linseed with yogurt. 13.51% of the patients were found to have abdominal massage, 10.80% were found to have exercise, 8.10% were found to have hot application and 5.40% were found to do handicrafts. 2.70% of the patients were found to listen to music and 2.70% were found to drink too much water. 64.90% of the patients were found to use their medication in addition to nonpharmacological methods.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was found that irritable bowel syndrome patients had low levels of nonpharmacological methods and the most used method was herbal methods, while methods used other than nonpharmacological methods were massage, exercise, hot application and handicraft, listening to music and drinking too much water. All of the patients who used the non-pharmacologic method stated that the methods they used had positive effects on their complaints. It is recommended for the effects, adverse effects and possible drug interactions of non-pharmacologic methods used by irritable bowel syndrome patients to be investigated.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Solunum fonksiyon testleri, aile hekimliði pratiðinde gerekli ve uygulanabilir bir yöntemdir. Bu çalýþmadaki amacýmýz, Türkiye'de aile hekimleri tarafýndan spirometre veya peak-flow metre cihazlarýnýn kullaným oranlarýný ve kullanýmlarýnda etkili olan faktörleri belirlemektir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Tanýmlayýcý çalýþmamýza, Türkiye'deki aile hekimliði sisteminde görev alan hekimler dahil edildi. Hekimlere e-posta yolu ile anketler gönderildi. Geri dönüþlere göre iki aylýk bir sürede (Mayýs 2018-Temmuz 2018) yeterli örneklem sayýsýna (N=380) ulaþýldýðýnda çalýþma sonlandýrýldý.
BULGULAR: Hekimlerin %81,50 (n=310)'sinde peakflow metre,%15,50 (n=59)'sýnda spirometre vardý. Hekimleri %11 (n=42)'inde ise her iki cihaz da mevcut deðildi. Hekimlerin %66,30 (n=252)’u spirometre ya da peak-flow metre kullanmadýðýný belirtirken %6.60'ý (n=25) peak-flow metre kullandýðýný, %3.7 (n=14)'si spirometre kullandýðýný belirtti. Mevcut cihazlarý kullanmama sebepleri sorulduðunda; en sýk sebep aile hekimliði uygulamasýnda testlerin etkin olmadýðýný düþünmeleri, ikinci en sýk sebep ise nasýl kullanýlacaðýnýn bilinmemesi idi. Hekimlerin %79,7 (n = 303)'sinin spirometre ve peak-flow metre hakkýnda bir kursa katýlmak istediði tespit edildi.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Aile hekimliðinde bulundurulmasý zorunlu olan peak-flow metre veya spirometre cihazlarýnýn kullaným oranlarýnýn çok düþük olduðu tespit edildi. Birinci basamakta daha iyi bir hizmet verebilmek için hem týp fakültesinde hem de mezuniyet sonrasý bu konu ile ilgili eðitimlere daha çok ihtiyaç vardýr.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary function tests are a necessary and applicable method in the practice of family medicine. Our aim in this study was to determine the utilization rates of spirometry or peak-flow meter devices among family physicians who work in Turkey and the factors that influence this usage.
METHODS: This descriptive study included physicians working in the family medicine system in Turkey. Surveys were sent to physicians via e-mail. When a sufficient number of responses(n=380) were obtained in two months (May 2018-July 2018), the study was terminated.


RESULTS: Among the responding physicians, 81.50% (n=310) had a peak-flow meter and 1.50% (n=59) had a spirometer, while11% (n=42) of the physicians had neither of these devices. On the other hand, 66.30% (n=252) of the physicians stated that they did not use the spirometer or peak-flow meter, 6.60% (n=25) used the peak-flow meter, and 3.70%(n=14) used the spirometer. When asked about the reasons for not using the existing devices, the most common reason was that they thought that the tests were not effective in family medicine and the second most common reason was not knowing how to use them. It was found that, 79.70% (n = 303) of physicians requested a course on spirometry and peak-flow meter.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was determined that the usage rates of peak-flow meter or spirometry devices, which are required in family medicine, are very low. In order to provide better service in primary care, more training is needed, both in medical faculties and after graduation.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Güneþten korunma uygulamalarý hakkýnda halkýn bilgisi ve tutumu, cilt kanserinden ve güneþe maruz kalmanýn diðer zararlý etkilerinden korunmada önemli faktörlerdir. Topluma týbbi bilgi vermeleri ve halk saðlýðý politikalarýný þekillendirmeleri sebebiyle týp öðrencilerinin ya da eðitimcilerin farkýndalýk seviyeleri de önemlidir. Bu çalýþmanýn amacý, bir Türk üniversitesindeki týp ve fen-edebiyat fakülteleri öðretim üyeleri ve öðrencilerinin güneþ ýþýðýna maruz kalmanýn ve güneþten korunmanýn etkilerine yönelik bilgi ve tutumlarýný ortaya koymaktýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Bu tanýmlayýcý enine kesitsel çalýþma, Hitit Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Týp Fakültesi ve Saðlýk Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu öðrencilerine ve öðretim üyelerine 37 maddelik bir anket uygulayarak gerçekleþtirildi. Sorular, katýlýmcýlarýn güneþe maruz kalma ve güneþten korumanýn etkileriyle ilgili bilgi düzeylerini, bu konularla ilgili bilgi kaynaklarýný ve çevresel faktörlerle ilgili davranýþlarýný deðerlendirmeye yönelik olarak formüle edildi. Yanýtlar uygun araç ve yöntemlerle istatistiksel analizlere tabi tutuldu.
BULGULAR: Çalýþmaya, yaþ ortalamasý 26,0 ± 9,2 yýl olan 217 katýlýmcý katýldý, bunlarýn 145’i (%66,8) öðrenci ve 72’si (%33,2) öðretim üyesiydi. Katýlýmcýlarýn 118'i (%55,1) kadýn, 151'i (%69,6) týp alanýndaydý. Katýlýmcýlarýn büyük çoðunluðu (n =204, %94) güneþ kremi kullanýyordu ve en sýk olarak SPF> 30 olan güneþ kremi kullanýlmaktaydý (%44). Güneþten koruyucu alýrken marka (%45,2) ve yüksek SPF (%46,2) en çok göz önünde bulundurulan faktörlerdi. Katýlýmcýlarýn cinsiyet, unvan ve çalýþma alanýna göre karþýlaþtýrýlmasý, güneþ ýþýðýna maruz kalma ve güneþten korunma ile ilgili bilgi ve uygulamalarda gruplar arasý bazý farklýlýklar olduðunu göstermiþtir.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Týbbi alandaki öðrenciler ve öðretim üyeleri, týbbi olmayan alanlardan olanlara kýyasla güneþe maruz kalma ve güneþten korunma ile ilgili konularda genel olarak daha yüksek bilgi düzeyine sahip olsalar da, týp öðrencileri ve öðretim üyeleri arasýnda bile güneþe maruz kalma ile iliþkili risklerin ciddiyeti hakkýnda hala önemli bir bilgi eksikliði bulunmaktadýr. Halkýn bilinçlendirilmesinde kullanýlan yöntemler ve medya kanallarý, hedef kitlelerin demografik özelliklerine göre uyarlanmalýdýr. Bu çalýþmanýn hedef popülasyonundaki genel tabloyu ortaya koyabilmek için, daha kapsamlý ve organize veri toplama araçlarý ve daha çeþitli kurumlardan geniþ bir örneklemle yapýlacak çalýþmalara ihtiyaç vardýr.

INTRODUCTION: Public knowledge about and attitude towards sun protection practices are important factors in attempts to avoid skin cancer and other harmful effects of sun exposure. Such are the awareness levels of the students of medicine or their educators as they deliver the information to the general public and shape public health policies. The aim of this study was to reveal the knowledge and attitudes of the faculty members and students of medicine and of arts/sciences at a Turkish university towards the effects of sun exposure and protection.
METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted by administering a 37-item questionnaire to students and faculty members in the School of Arts/Sciences, School of Medicine, and Vocational School of Medical Sciences at Hitit University. The questions were formulated to evaluate the participants’ level of knowledge regarding the effects of sun exposure and protection, the source of their knowledge about these subjects, and their behaviors related to environmental factors. Responses were subjected to statistical analyses with appropriate tools and methods.
RESULTS: The study included a total of 217 participants with an average age of 26.0 ± 9.2 years: 145 (66.8%) students and 72 (33.2%) faculty members. Of these, 118 (55.1%) were female and 151 (69.6%) were in medical fields. A great majority of the participants (n=204, 94%) had used sunscreens, and sunscreens with SPF>30 were the most commonly used ones (%44). Brand (45.2%) and high SPF (46.2%) were the most frequently considered aspects when buying sunscreens. A comparison of subgroups of participants based on gender, position, and area of study indicated some differences in knowledge and practices related to sun exposure and sun protection.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although students and faculty members of medical areas had generally higher level of knowledge about the issues surrounding sun exposure and protection in comparison with those from non-medical backgrounds, there is still a significant knowledge deficit about the severity of associated risks and some room for improvement even among the students and faculty members of medical schools. The methods and media channels that would be used to increase public awareness should be adapted according to the demographic characteristics of target audiences. Further studies with a more comprehensive and well-managed data collection tools and a larger sample from more diverse set of institutions are warranted to determine the overall picture in the target population of this study.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Tiroid hormonu vücut metabolizmasýnýn düzenlenmesinde önemli rol oynamakta ve tiroid bezi disfonksiyonu diabetes mellitus (DM) olan bireylerde sýk gözlenmektedir. Bu çalýþmada DM hastalarýnda hipotiroidi ile vücut yað kitlesi ve metabolik parametreler arasýndaki iliþkisinin deðerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalýþmaya hastanemiz Diyabet Ünitesi’ne Aralýk 2017-Mayýs 2018 tarihleri arasýnda baþvuran, 18 yaþ ve üzeri DM hastalarý kabul edilmiþtir. Tüm katýlýmcýlarýn dosyalarý retrospektif olarak deðerlendirilmiþtir. Tüm katýlýmcýlar hipotiroidi varlýðýna göre iki gruba ayrýlmýþtýr. Tüm katýlýmcýlarýn biyoempedans analiz yöntemi ile vücut yað kitlesi ölçümleri olarak vücut kitle indeksi (VKÝ), toplam ekstremite yað kitlesi (TEYK), toplam yað kitlesi (TYK), gövde yað kitlesi (GYK) ve vücut yað yüzdesi (VYY) ölçülmüþtür. Ayrýca katýlýmcýlarýn metabolik parametrelerinden HbA1c, trigliserid, LDL-kolesterol, HDL-kolesterol ve C-peptit düzeyleri de deðerlendirilmiþtir. Hipotiroidi tedavisindeki hedef TSH düzeyleri genç ve orta yaþlý bireylerde 0.4-2.5 mU/mL, 65-80 yaþ arasý bireylerde 3-6 mU/mL ve 80 yaþ üzeri bireylerde ≤10 mU/mL olarak belirlenmiþtir.
BULGULAR: Çalýþmaya toplam 620 DM hastasý dahil edilmiþ ve katýlýmcýlarýn 141 (%22.74)’de hipotiroidi bulunmuþtur. Hipotiroidi olan katýlýmcýlarýn 55 (%39.01)’de de tiroid regülasyonu saptanmýþtýr. Hipotirodi olan kadýnlarda VKÝ 35.18±6.03 kg/m2 iken, olmayanlarda 33.79±6.19 kg/m2 olarak saptanmýþtýr (p=0.035). Erkeklerde ise hipotirodi olanlarda VKÝ 30.58±3.85 kg/m2 ve olmayanlarda 30.75±4.80 kg/m2 olarak gözlenmiþtir (p=0.865). Hipotiroidi olan kadýnlarda HbA1c %7.51±1.91; olmayanlarda %8.12±2.02 olarak saptanmýþtýr (p=0.004). Bununla beraber tiroid regülasyonu olan kadýnlarda HbA1c %6.73±1.21 ve olmayanlarda %7.95±2.10 olarak tespit edilmiþtir (p=0.001).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Hipotiroidi olan kadýnlarda VKÝ ve toplam ekstremite yað kitlesi anlamlý yüksek iken, erkeklerde benzer farklýlýk saptanmamýþtýr. Ayrýca hipotiroidi olmayan kadýnlarda HbA1c yüksek saptanmakla beraber, tiroid regülasyonu olanlarda HbA1c düþük bulunmuþtur. Bununla beraber erkeklerde ise, hipotiroidi varlýðý ve tiroid regülasyonu açýsýndan HbA1c düzeyinde fark tespit edilmemiþtir.

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid hormone plays a significant role in the regulation of body metabolism and thyroid gland dysfunction is commonly seen in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between hypothyroidism, body fat mass (BFM) and metabolic parameters in patients with DM.
METHODS: The study included patients with DM aged 18 years and above, who admitted to the Diabetes Unit of our hospital between December 2017 and May 2018. The files of all participants were reviewed retrospectively. All participants included in the study were divided into two groups according to the presence of hypothyroidism. Body mass index (BMI), total extremity fat mass (TEFM), total body fat mass (TBFM), trunk fat mass (TFM) and body fat percentage (BFP) of all participants were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and C-peptide levels of the patients were evaluated. Targeted TSH levels in the treatment of hypothyroidism were defined 0.4-2.5 mU/mL in young and middle-aged individuals, 3-6 mU/mL in the 65-80 years of age, and ≤10 mU/mL in individuals older than 80 years of age.
RESULTS: A total of 620 patients with DM were included in the study and 141 (22.74%) of them had hypothyroidism. Thyroid regulation was achieved in 55 (39.01%) of the participants with hypothyroidism. Of female patients with hypothyroidism, BMI was 35.18±6.03 kg/m2, while it was 33.79±6.19 kg/m2 in patients without hypothyroidism (p=0.035). In male patients with hypothyroidism, BMI was 30.58±3.85 kg/m2, while it was 30.75±4.80 kg/m2 in patients without hypothyroidism (p=0.865). In female patients with and without hypothyroidism, HbA1c was 7.51±1.91% and 8.12±2.02%, respectively (p=0.004). However, in female patients with and without thyroid regulation, HbA1c was 6.73±1.21% and 7.95±2.10%, respectively (p=0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In females with hypothyroidism, BMI and TEFM were significantly higher, while there was no such difference in males. Furthermore, HbA1c levels were higher in females without hypothyroidism and HbA1c was lower in those with thyroid regulation. No significant difference was observed in terms of HbA1c levels in males with hypothyroidism.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Annelerin çocukluk çaðý aþý bilgi düzeyleri, tutumlarý ve çocuklarýnýn aþýlanma durumlarý ile bunlarý etkileyen faktörlerin tespit edilmesi, baðýþýklama hizmetlerine karþý bakýþ açýlarý ve aþý yaptýrma konusundaki çekincelerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlandý.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Kesitsel tanýmlayýcý ve kalitatif tasarýma sahip olan bu çalýþma Aðustos 2018 –Mayýs 2019 tarihleri arasýnda Hatay ili merkez ilçelerine baðlý 4 ASM’ye herhangi bir nedenle baþvuran 350 anne ile gerçekleþtirildi. 350 anneye çocukluk çaðý aþýlarý hakkýnda bilgi, tutum ve davranýþlarýný sorgulayan anket uygulandý. Anketler bireylere çalýþma ile ilgili bilgi verildikten ve katýlýmcýlardan onam alýndýktan sonra yüz yüze görüþme yöntemi ile dolduruldu. Anketi tamamlayan 350 anneden rastgele seçilen 30 anneye yarý yapýlandýrýlmýþ derinlemesine görüþme formu uygulandý. Görüþmelerin tümü onay alýndýktan sonra ses kayýt cihazýyla kaydedildi. Çalýþmanýn kesitsel aþamasýnda analiz için SPSS paket programý kullanýldý ve p<0,05 anlamlý olarak kabul edildi. Kalitatif aþamada verilerin deðerlendirilmesinde içerik analizi yöntemi kullanýldý. Cümlelerden çýkabilecek kodlar oluþturuldu. Oluþan kodlardan sonra tematik kodlamaya geçildi uygun temalar çýkarýldý. Ardýndan tüm görüþme verileri kodlanýp ve yorumlanarak rapor haline getirildi.
BULGULAR: Çalýþmaya 350 anne katýlmýþtýr. Çalýþma kapsamýna alýnan annelerin %31,71’i (n: 111) 30-39 yaþ aralýðýnda, %73,43’ünün (n: 257) ev hanýmý ve %30,29’unun (n: 106) ilkokul mezunu olduðu saptandý. Annelerin %60,57’si (n: 212) ücretli aþýlar hakkýnda bilgi eksikliðinin olduðunu ifade etti. En sýk bilinen ve yaptýrýlan ücretli aþýlar grip (%33,33, n: 46) ve rota (%24,64, n: 34) aþýsýydý. Annelerin ulusal aþý takviminde en sýk bilgi sahibi olduðu aþýlar sýrasýyla KKK (%14,83), suçiçeði (%14,53) ve tetanoz (%13,92) aþýsýydý. Görüþmelerin analizine göre katýlýmcýlar çocuklarý için aþýlarýn gerekli olduðunu ancak aþý içeriðinin ve aþýlarýn saklama koþullarýna dikkat edilmesi gerektiðini vurguladýlar.

TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ:
Annelerin önemli bir kýsmýnýn aþýlar hakkýnda bilgi eksikliðinin olduðunu görüldü. Aþýlar konusunda anneler en çok aþý içeriði ve aþýlarýn saklama koþullarý konusunda kaygýlýydý. Saðlýk çalýþanlarý tarafýndan doðru ve uygun bilgilendirmenin yapýlmasý kiþilerin sahip olduðu eksik ya da yanlýþ bilgilerin giderilmesi için önemlidir.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to observe knowledge, attitudes and behavior of mother’sabout childhood vaccinationand related factors affectingtheir perspectives on immunization services and their hesitations about vaccination.
METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive and qualitative study was carried out between August 2018 and May 2019 with 350 mothers who applied to 4 Family Health Centers for any reason in the central districts of Hatay. A questionnaire was administered to 350 mothers about their knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about childhood vaccines. The questionnaires were filled in by face-to-face interview method after informing the participants about the study and obtaining consent from the participants. A semi-structured in-depth interview form was administered to 30 randomly selected subjects. All interviews were recorded with voice recorder after approval. SPSS software was used for cross-sectional analysis and p <0.05 was considered significant. Content analysis method was used to evaluate the data at qualitative stage. Codes that can be extracted from sentences were composed. The proper themes that were subject to the thematic coding were removed after the composed codes. All interview data were coded and interpreted and reported, afterwards.

RESULTS: Of 350 mothers participated in the study. 31.71% (n: 111) were between the ages of 30-39, 73.43% (n: 257) were housewives and 30.29% (n: 106) were primary school graduates. 60.57% (n: 212) of the mothers stated that there was a lack of information about paid vaccines. The most commonly known and received paid vaccines were flu (33.33% n: 46) and rotavirus vaccines (24.64% n: 34). The most common vaccines in the national drug calendar to mothers were MCC (14.83%), varicella (14.53%) and tetanus (13.92%), respectively. According to the analysis of the interviews, participants emphasized that vaccines are necessary for their children, but attention should be paid to the content of the vaccines and the storage conditions of the vaccines.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A significant number of mothers were found to lack information about vaccines.Regarding vaccines, mothers were most concerned about vaccine content and storage conditions.Providing accurate and appropriate information by health professionals is important for eliminating missing or incorrect information owned by individuals.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Mesleksel astým ve rinit tanýsýnda ilk basamak semptomlarýn doðasý ve iþyeri ile iliþkisi ve özel mesleksel maruziyetlerin sorgulandýðý ayrýntýlý öyküdür. Çalýþmanýn amacý saðlýk çalýþanlarýnda meslek astýmý ve/veya meslek rinit ile iliþkili semptomlarýn sýklýðýnýn araþtýrýlmasýdýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Üçüncü basamak saðlýk hizmeti veren merkezlerde bakteriyoloji, biyokimya/hematoloji ve patoloji laboratuvarlarý ile aðýz ve diþ saðlýðý merkezi çalýþanlarýna açýk uçlu anket yöntemi ile mesleki astým ve rinit ile iliþkili þikayetleri ve þikayetlerin iþyeri ile iliþkisi sorgulandý.
BULGULAR: Deðerlendirilen toplam 230 olgunun (165 kadýn ve 65 erkek) ortalama yaþý 34,39 ± 0,51, ortalama çalýþma süresi 10,13 ± 0,49 yýldý. Ýþyeri ile iliþkili semptom tanýmlayan olgu sayýsý 172 (%74,78) olarak bulundu; bu kiþiler ortalama 4,92 ± 0,42 yýldýr iþyerinde semptomlarýnýn olduðunu belirtti. Patoloji bölümünde çalýþanlarýn tümünde, aðýz ve diþ saðlýðý çalýþanlarýnýn büyük çoðunluðunda (%92,19), bakteriyoloji (%72,92), biyokimya/hematoloji laboratuvarý (%50,63) çalýþanlarýnýn ise yarýdan çoðunda semptom vardý. Sorgulanan semptomlar içinde en sýk nazal ve oküler yakýnmalar iken diðer yakýnmalar solunumsal, konstitüsyonel ve dermatolojikti. Semptomlarýn belirli maddeyle iliþkisi olduðunu %54,65 olgu tarifleyebiliyordu. Olgularýn %88,37’si semptomlarýnýn iþe geldiði günlerde daha kötü olduðunu; %50,58’i hafta sonuna doðru þiddetlendiðini; %20,93’ü hafta sonu tatilinde ve %8,14’ü uzun süreli tatillerde devam ettiðini belirtti. Semptom varlýðýna raðmen ileri tetkik yapýlmasýný olgularýn sadece %55,81’i kabul edebileceðini bildirdi.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Üçüncü basamak saðlýk hizmeti veren merkezlerde çalýþanlarýn büyük bölümünde iþyeri ortamý ile iliþkili birden fazla sistemi ilgilendiren semptomlarýn varlýðý görüldü. Buna karþýn bireylerin bu konuyu yeterince önemsemedikleri ve ileri araþtýrma istemedikleri görüldü. Saðlýk çalýþanlarýnýn da iþyeri saðlýðý konusunda bilgilendirilmeleri ve uygun iþyeri þartlarýnýn saðlanmasý gereklidir.

INTRODUCTION: The first diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of occupational asthma and rhinitis is clinical history, which inquires about the nature of symptoms and their relationship to work and specific occupational exposures. The present study aims to search for the presence of symptoms related to occupational asthma and/or rhinitis among health care workers.
METHODS: With an open questionnaire health-care workers employed in bacteriology, biochemistry/hematology, pathology and dental laboratories in tertiary health-care centers were questioned about the presence of symptoms regarding occupational asthma and rhinitis as well as the relationship of their symptoms with the workplace.
RESULTS: Of 230 subjects (165 females, 65 males) mean age was 34.39 ± 0.51 and they were exposed at work for a mean duration of 10.13±0.49 years. Work-related symptoms were positive in 172 (%74.78) subjects for about 4.92±0.42 years. All subjects employed in the pathology department and most of the ones (92.19%) in dental hospital and more than half of employees of bacteriology (72.92%), biochemistry/hematology laboratories (50.63%) were symptomatic. The most commonly reported symptoms by participants were nasal and ocular whereas other symptoms were found to be respiratory, constitutional and dermatological. 54.65% of the subjects were able to identify a specific agent related to their symptoms. Of the patients 88.37% stated that their symptoms were worse on the days when they came to work; 50.58% that their symptoms were intensified progressively throughout the week; 20.93% and 8.14% stated that they continued to be symptomatic during the weekend and long term holidays, respectively. Although being aware of the symptoms only %55.81 of the subject were willing to be tested in the clinic.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The majority of the health-care workers working in tertiary centers have work-related symptoms involving one or more systems. However, most of them ignore their symptoms and are not willing to be evaluated for occupational asthma and/or rhinitis. Health-care workers should be informed about occupational health and their workplace conditions should be improved.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Saðlýk okuryazarlýðý bireylerin uygun ve doðru saðlýk kararlarý verebilmesi için gerekli olan saðlýk bilgilerini ve hizmetlerini anlama ve iþleme kapasitesinin derecesidir. Bu araþtýrma saðlýk bilimleri fakültesi hemþirelik bölümünde okuyan öðrencilerin saðlýk okuryazarlýk düzeylerinin ve saðlýk sorumluluklarýnýn belirlenmesi amacýyla yapýlmýþtýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Araþtýrmanýn örneklemini çalýþmayý kabul eden 406 üniversite öðrencisi oluþturmuþtur. Veri toplama araçlarý olarak anket formu, saðlýkta yetiþkin okuryazarlýðýnýn hýzlý deðerlendirilmesi formu ve saðlýðý geliþtirici yaþam biçimi davranýþlarý ölçeði kullanýlmýþtýr. Deðerlendirme için ortalama ve yüzdeliklerden yararlanýlmýþtýr.
BULGULAR: Öðrencilerin %75’i saðlýk kuruluþlarýndaki evraklarda yazýlan týbbi terimleri çoðunlukla anladýðýný belirtmiþtir. Saðlýk okuryazarlýðý deðerlendirme formu ortalama puaný 63,60±0,90’dýr. Saðlýk okuryazarlýðý testi sonuçlarýna göre öðrencilerin %92,90’ýnýn 61-66 puan alarak yeterli düzeyde saðlýk okuryazarlýðýna sahip olduðu saptanmýþtýr. Öðrencilerin saðlýk sorumluluðu ortalama puanlarý 23,80±5,38’dir ve öðrencilerin en düþük katýlým gösterdiði madde “saðlýðýmý ilgilendiren konularda yapýlan eðitim toplantýlarýna katýlýrým (X=2,22±0,08)”, en yüksek katýlým gösterdiði madde ise “doktora ya da bir saðlýk görevlisine, vücudumdaki olaðan dýþý belirti ve bulgularý anlatýrým” (X=3,06±0,08) maddesidir.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Araþtýrmadan elde edilen sonuçlar doðrultusunda hemþirelik bölümü öðrencilerinin temel düzey saðlýk okuryazarlýklarýnýn iyi olduðu saptanmýþtýr. Çalýþmanýn hemþirelik bölümü dýþýnda öðrencilerde uygulanmasý, saðlýk sorumluluðu yönünden farkýndalýk yaratýlmasý ve saðlýk okuryazarlýðý kavramýnýn saðlýk eðitimine entegrasyonu önerilmektedir.

INTRODUCTION: Health literacy is the degree of capacity of individuals to understand and process health information, services that are necessary to make appropriate, accurate health decisions. This study was conducted to determine the health literacy levels and health responsibilities of the students studying in the nursing department of the Faculty of Health Sciences.
METHODS: The sample of the study consisted of 406 university students who accepted to study. Questionnaire form, rapid assessment of adult literacy in health form and health-promoting lifestyle behaviors scale were used as data collection tools. Mean and percentages were used for evaluation.
RESULTS: 75% of the students stated that they mostly understood medical terms written in the documents in health institutions. The mean score of the health literacy assessment form was 63.6 ± 0.9. According to the results of the health literacy test, 92.9% of the students had a sufficient level of health literacy by taking 61-66 points. The mean scores of students' health responsibility were 23.8 ± 5.38, and the item with the lowest level of participation was “I attend training sessions on subjects that concern my health”, and the item with the highest participation was “I tell the doctor or a healthcare professional about the unusual signs and symptoms in my body”.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In line with the results of the study, it was determined that the basic level health literacy of nursing students was good. It is recommended that the study be applied to students outside the nursing department, awareness raising in terms of health responsibility and the integration of the concept of health literacy into health education.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Ýnme geçiren bireylerin hastalýkla baþa çýkma tutumlarýnýn yaþam kalitesi üzerine olan etkisini incelemektir.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Tanýmlayýcý türdeki bu çalýþmanýn örneklemini Ekim 2018- Haziran 2019 tarihlerinde inme sonrasý kontrolleri için bir devlet ve bir eðitim araþtýrma hastanesinin nöroloji ve fizik tedavi polikliniðine gelen 360 birey oluþturdu. Verilerin toplanmasýnda sosyodemografik özellikler için oluþturulan anket formu, Ýnmeye Özgü Yaþam Kalitesi Ölçeði ve Baþa Çýkma Tutumlarýný Deðerlendirme Ölçeði kullanýldý. Ýstatistiksel analizde SPSS 25.0 programý kullanýldý. Hastalýkla baþa çýkma tutumlarýnýn yaþam kalitesi üzerine olan etkisinin belirlenmesinde binary lojistik regresyon analizi kullanýldý. P<0,05 ve p<0,001 deðerleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlý kabul edildi.
BULGULAR: Hastalýkla baþ etme tutumlarýndan olan aktif baþa çýkma (OR: 1,31 [95% CI 1,094–1,579]; p<0,05), geri durma (OR: 1,173 [1,022–1,347]; p<0,05), mizah (OR: 1,143 [1,023–1,276]; p<0,05) ve alkol/madde kullanýmý (OR: 1,128 [1,008–1,262]; p<0,05)yaþam kalitesi üzerinde anlamlý prediktörler olduðu bulunmuþtur.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Aktif baþa çýkma, geri durma, mizaç ve alkol/sigara kullanýmý yaþam kalitesi üzerinde olumsuz etki eden faktörlör olup; bu faktörleri inmeli bireylerin yaþamýnda ne zaman ve ne sýklýkla kullandýðý dikkatlice irdelenmeli ve hastanýn baþa çýkma tutumlarýný ve yaþam kalitesini artýracak eðitim ve multidisipliner ekibin yer aldýðý inme rehabilitasyon programlarýnýn geliþtirilmesi önerilmektedir.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of coping attitudes on quality of life in patient with stroke.
METHODS: This descriptive study was conducted between October 2018 and June 2019. The sample data were collected from 360 patients who had been admitted to neurology and physiotherapy clinics at a training and research university hospital and a government hospital in Karabuk. Data of the study were collected by the COPE inventory and the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale. SPSS 25.0 program was used in the statistical analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of coping attitudes on quality of life. P <0.05 and p <0.001 values were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: Active coping (OR: 1.31 [95% CI 1.094–1.579]; p<0.05), restraint (OR: 1.173 [1.022–1.347]; p<0.05),humor(OR: 1.143 [1.023–1.276]; p<0.05) and alcohol/substance use(OR: 1.128 [1.008–1.262]; p<0.05), which are coping with the disease, were found to be significant predictors of on quality of life.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Active coping, restraint, humor and alcohol / substance use are factors that negatively affect quality of life. When and how often these factors are used in stroke patients' lives should be examined carefully. it is recommended to develop stroke rehabilitation programs with training and multidisciplinary team to improve patient coping attitudes and quality of life.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmada, Nörofibromatozis tip 1 (NF1) tanýlý olgularýmýzýn demografik, klinik, laboratuvar bulgularýný ve tedavilerini geriye dönük olarak deðerlendirmek ve Amerika Birleþik Devletleri Ulusal Saðlýk Enstitüsü (NIH) taný kriterlerine göre hastalarý tanýmlayarak literatür ile karþýlaþtýrmak amaçlanmýþtýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Ocak 2015-Ocak 2019 tarihleri arasýnda merkezimize baþvuran ve NF1 tanýsý ile izlenen 18 olgunun klinik ve radyolojik bulgularý geriye dönük olarak incelendi.
BULGULAR: Hastalarýn ilk baþvurudaki ortanca yaþý 8 yýl (1-17 yýl) idi. Baþvuru yakýnmalarý 16 olguda ciltteki lekeler, 1 olguda karýn aðrýsý, 1 olguda çenede þiþlik idi. Sütlü kahve lekeleri olgularýn tümünde, aksiller/inguinal çillenme 9’unda (%50), lisch nodülü 13’ünde (%72,22), kemik lezyonlarý 3’ünde (%16,66) [2 olguda skolyoz ve 1 olguda lordoz], nörofibrom 1’inde (%5,55), pleksiform nörofibrom 1’inde (%5,55) görüldü. Boy kýsalýðý 3 (%16,66) olguda tespit edildi. Bunlardan biri büyüme hormonu eksikliði olarak deðerlendirildi. Okula devam eden 10 hastadan, 5'inin (%27,77) ders baþarýsý kötüydü. Bu olgulardan 2’si(%11,11) dikkat eksikliði hiperaktivite sendromu tanýsý ile izlenmekte idi. Beyin manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG)’de 6 (%33,33) olguda hamartomatöz lezyon, 1(%5,55) olguda optik gliom saptandý.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Araþtýrmamýzda, hasta grubunun klinik ve radyolojik bulgularýnýn literatür ile uyumlu olduðunu saptadýk. Mortalite oraný kansere yatkýnlýk ve vaskülopatiler nedeni ile yüksek olan bu hastalýkta, geliþebilecek komplikasyonlarýn erken saptanmasý, izlemi ve tedavisi açýsýndan, hastalarýn yaþam boyu multidisipliner takibi gerekmektedir.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to review our institutional experience with the clinical characteristics, imaging findings, and therapies in Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and defining the patients according to the USA- National Institute of Health (NIH) diagnostic criteria and comparing them with the literature.
METHODS: Clinical and imaging findings of 18 children with NF1, treated at our hospital from January 2015 to January 2019, were retrospectively evaluated.
RESULTS: The study group included 18 children diagnosed with NF1 according to NIH diagnostic criteria. Thirteen patients were female and 5 were male. The median age at admission was 8 years (1-17 years). The presenting symptoms were cafe-au-laits spots in 16 cases, abdominal pain in 1 case and jaw swelling in 1 case. All patients had cafe-au-lait spots, 9 (50%) axillary / inguinal freckles, 13 (72.22%) lisch nodules, 3 (16.66%) bone lesions, 1 (5.55%) neurofibromas and 1 (5.55%) plexiform neurofibromas. Short stature was detected in 3 (16.66%) cases. One of them was evaluated as growth hormone deficiency. Of the 10 patients attending school, 5 (27.77%) had poor school performance. Two of these cases (11.11%) were being diagnosed with ADHD. On magnetic resonance imaging, 6 (33.33%) cases had hamartomatous lesion and 1 (5.55%) case optic glioma.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We found that the clinical and radiological findings of the patient group were consistent with the literature. Multidisciplinary follow-up of patients throughout the lifetime is necessary for the early detection, follow-up and treatment of complications.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Graves hastalarýnda tiroid kanser sýklýðý ve agresifliði ile yüksek tirotropin reseptör antikor (TRAb) düzeyleri arasýnda iliþki bildirilmiþtir. Bu iliþki toksik nodüler guatr (TNG) ve toksik multinodüler guatrlý (TMNG) hastalarda araþtýrýlmamýþtýr. Biz, TNG ve TMNG’li hastalarda, tiroid kanseri ile TRAb arasýndaki iliþkiyi araþtýrmayý amaçladýk.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: TNG ve TMNG nedeniyle tiroidektomi olan hastalar retrospektif olarak deðerlendirildi. Toplam 370 hastadan, TRAb düzeyi mevcut olan 191 TMNG ve 30 TNG hastasý çalýþmaya dahil edildi.
BULGULAR: 221 TNG/TMNG’li hastanýn 24’ünde (%10,86) TRAb pozitif bulundu. Histopatolojik deðerlendirmede, 71 (%32,13) hasta malign, 150 (%67,87) hasta benigndi. 71 malign hastanýn 7’sinde (%9,86) ve 150 benign hastanýn 17’sinde (%11,33) TRAb pozitifti (p=0,742). Yaþ, cinsiyet, serum tirotropin, serbest triiodotironin, serbest tiroksin düzeyleri, anti-tiroid peroksidaz ve anti-tiroglobulin antikor pozitifliði ile histopatolojik tümör tipi açýsýndan TRAb pozitif ve negatif hastalar arasýnda fark yoktu (sýrasýyla p=0,393, p=0,401, p=0,403, p=0,903, p=0,877, p=0,788, p=0,540 ve p=0,357). TRAb pozitif 7 (%29,17) hastada ve TRAb negatif 57 (%28,93) hastada papiller tiroid kanseri (PTK) saptandý (p=0,357). Klasik varyant PTK, TRAb pozitif 5 (%71,43) hastada ve TRAb negatif 50 (%87,72) hastada mevcuttu (p=0,242).
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Bu çalýþmada, TMNG/TNG’li hastalarda TRAb pozitifliðinin malignite riskini artýrmadýðý görüldü.

INTRODUCTION: Increased thyrotrophin receptor antibody (TRAb) was associated with thyroid cancer risk and aggressivity in patients with Graves disease. This relation was not investigated in patients with toxic nodular goiter (TNG) and toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG). We aimed to evaluate association between TRAb and thyroid cancer in patients with TNG and TMNG.
METHODS: Patients who underwent thyroidectomy with a preoperative diagnosis of TNG and TMNG were reviewed retrospectively. Among 370 patients, TRAb was available in 191 TMNG and 30 TNG patients.
RESULTS: TRAb was positive in 24 (10.86%) of 221 patients with TNG/TMNG. Histopathological result was malignant in 71 (32.13%) and benign in 150 (67.87%) patients. TRAb was positive in 7 (9.86%) of 71 malignant and 17 (11.33%) of 150 benign patients (p=0.742). Age, sex, serum thyrotrophin, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, anti-thyroid peroxidase and anti-thyroglobulin positivity, and histological tumor type did not differ between patients with positive and negative TRAb (p=0.393, p=0.401, p=0.403, p=0.903, p=0.877, p=0.788, p=0.540, and p=0.357, respectively). There was papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in 7 (29.17%) patients with positive TRAb and 57 (28.93%) patients with negative TRAb (p=0.357). The variant of PTC was classical in 5 (71.43%) patients with positive and 50 (87.72%) patients with negative TRAb (p=0.242).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In this study, we showed that TRAb positivity did not increase the risk of malignancy in patients with TNG/TMNG.

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GÝRÝÞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalýþmada santral ven darlýðý veya týkanýklýðý olan hemodiyaliz hastalarýnýn perkütan transluminal anjiyoplasti (PTA) ve perkütan transluminal stentleme (PTS) ile tedavinin etkinliðini ve patensi oranlarýnýn sonuçlarý karþýlaþtýrýlmasý amaçlanmýþtýr.
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Yüz kýrk iki santral venöz darlýðý veya týkanmasý olan 71 kronik hemodiyaliz hasta grubunda (36 erkek, 35 kadýn) Mart 2013 ile Haziran 2018 arasýnda 109 endovasküler giriþim uygulandý. Hastalarýn klinik takibi kontrol venografi ile 1, 3 ve 6. aylarda yapýldý ve asemptomatik hastalarda 6 ay intervallerle kontrollere devam edildi.
BULGULAR: Tedavi süresince 45 hastada PTA, 26 hastada PTS iþlemi yapýldý. Primer açýklýk oranlarý sýrasýyla 3., 6., 12. ve 24. aylarda PTA grubunda; % 97,74, %88,23, % 73,76, % 50,76 ve PTS grubunda; % 96,23, %92,34, %65,96, %47 olarak saptandý. Yardýmcý primer açýklýk oranlarý sýrasýyla 3., 6. ve12. aylarda PTA grubunda; % 97,73, %90,76, %75,92 ve PTS grubunda; %96,25 %84,38, %79,87 olarak saptandý. Primer ve yardýmcý açýklýk oranlarý açýsýndan gruplar arasýnda istatistiksel olarak anlamlý bir fark bulunmadý (p=0,216, p=0,121). PTS grubundaki ortalama müdahale sayýsý (2,62 ± 1,23), PTA grubundan (1,43 ± 0,62) anlamlý derecede yüksekti.
TARTIÞMA ve SONUÇ: Endovasküler tedavi, santral ven týkanýklýðý tedavisinde güvenli ve etkili bir yöntemdir. PTS, tedavide daha uzun açýklýk saðlamamakla birlikte aksine tedaviye daha yüksek ek maliyetler ve damar açýklýðýný saðlamak için daha fazla giriþimler getirmektedir. PTS, anjioplasti dirençli veya sýk tekrarlayan lezyonlarda tercih edilmelidir.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to compare the patency rate outcomes and efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) versus percutaneous transluminal stenting (PTS) for the treatment of central vein stenosis and occlusion in hemodialysis patients.
METHODS: A total of 71 chronic hemodialysis patients (36 males, 35 females) with 142 events of central venous stenosis or occlusion underwent 109 endovascular interventions between March 2013 and June 2018. The clinical follow-up of the patients was performed with control venography at 1, 3, and 6 months, and then at 6-month intervals for asymptomatic patients.
RESULTS: PTA was applied to 45 patients and PTS to 26 patients during the study period. At 3, 6,12 and 24 months, primary patency rates were 97.74%, 88.23%, 73.76% and 50.76% respectively in the PTA group and 96.23%, 92.34%, 65.96% and 47% in the PTS group. Assisted primary patency at 3, 6, and 12 months was 97.73%, 90.76%, and 75.92% respectively in the PTA group and 96.25%, 84.38%, and 79.87% in the PTS group. No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of primary and assisted patency rates (p=0.216, p=0.121). The average number of interventions in the PTS group (2.62± 1.23) was significantly higher than that in the PTA group (1.43±0.62).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Endovascular treatment is a safe and effective method in the management of central vein occlusion. PTS does not result in longer patency in the treatment, but conversely incurs greater costs and necessitates more interventions to provide patency. Therefore, PTS should only be preferred for PTA-resistant lesions or concurrent lesions.

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